GBD 2017 Danger Issue Collaborators. World, regional, and nationwide comparative danger evaluation of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic dangers or clusters of dangers for 195 nations and territories, 1990–2017: a scientific evaluation for the World Burden of Illness Research 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923–94.
Neeland IJ, Ross R, Després JP, Matsuzawa Y, Yamashita S, Shai I, et al. Visceral and ectopic fats, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic illness: a place assertion. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(9):715–25.
Tobe SW, Stone JA, Anderson T, Bacon S, Cheng AYY, Daskalopoulou SS, et al. Canadian cardiovascular harmonized Nationwide Pointers Endeavour (C-CHANGE) guideline for the prevention and administration of heart problems in major care: 2018 replace. CMAJ. 2018;190(40):E1192–e206.
Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim assertion of the worldwide diabetes federation activity pressure on epidemiology and prevention; Nationwide Coronary heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Coronary heart Affiliation; world coronary heart federation; worldwide atherosclerosis society; and Worldwide Affiliation for the Research of weight problems. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.
Diamantopoulos EJ, Andreadis EA, Tsourous GI, Ifanti GK, Katsanou PM, Georgiopoulos DX, et al. Metabolic syndrome and prediabetes establish overlapping however not an identical populations. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006;114(7):377–83.
Liu J, Grundy SM, Wang W, Smith SC, Lena Vega G, Wu Z, et al. Ten-year danger of cardiovascular incidence associated to diabetes, prediabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Am Coronary heart J. 2007;153(4):552–8.
Scuteri A, Laurent S, Cucca F, Cockcroft J, Cunha PG, Mañas LR, et al. Metabolic syndrome throughout Europe: completely different clusters of danger elements. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(4):486–91.
Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. World burden of cardiovascular illnesses and danger elements, 1990-2019: replace from the GBD 2019 research. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021.
Hostalek U. World epidemiology of prediabetes – current and future views. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;5(1):5.
Saklayen MG. The worldwide epidemic of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(2):12.
Hosseini Z, Whiting SJ, Vatanparast H. Kind 2 diabetes prevalence amongst Canadian adults — dietary habits and sociodemographic danger elements. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019;44(10):1099–104.
Statistics Canada. Metabolic syndrome in adults, 2012 to 2013. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2015. [Available from: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-625-x/2014001/article/14123-eng.htm
Leiter LA, Fitchett DH, Gilbert RE, Gupta M, Mancini GB, McFarlane PA, et al. Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk in Canada: a position paper by the cardiometabolic risk working group (executive summary). Can J Cardiol. 2011;27(2):124–31.
McQueen R, Ghushchyan V, Olufade T, Sheehan J, Nair K, Saseen J. Incremental increases in economic burden parallels cardiometabolic risk factors in the US. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2016;9:233–41.
Clark A, Jit M, Warren-Gash C, Guthrie B, Wang HHX, Mercer SW, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(8):e1003–e17.
Ghoneim S, Butt MU, Hamid O, Shah A, Asaad I. The incidence of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a population-based study. Metabolism Open. 2020;8:100057.
Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(25):e34.
Babio N, Toledo E, Estruch R, Ros E, MartÃnez-González MA, Castañer O, et al. Mediterranean diets and metabolic syndrome status in the PREDIMED randomized trial. CMAJ. 2014;186(17):E649–57.
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403.
Look Ahead Research Group, Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):145–54.
Goldberg RB, Mather K. Targeting the consequences of the metabolic syndrome in the diabetes prevention program. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(9):2077–90.
Galaviz KI, Weber MB, Straus A, Haw JS, Narayan KMV, Ali MK. Global diabetes prevention interventions: a systematic review and network Meta-analysis of the real-world impact on incidence, weight, and glucose. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(7):1526–34.
Mudaliar U, Zabetian A, Goodman M, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Albright AL, Gregg EW, et al. Cardiometabolic risk factor changes observed in diabetes prevention programs in US settings: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2016;13(7):e1002095.
Hawkes RE, Cameron E, Cotterill S, Bower P, French DP. The NHS diabetes prevention Programme: an observational study of service delivery and patient experience. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):1098.
Rodrigues AM, Haste A, Penn L, Bell R, Summerbell C, White M, et al. Stakeholders’ perceptions and experiences of the National Health Service diabetes prevention programme in England: qualitative study with service users, intervention providers and deliverers, commissioners and referrers. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):307.
Castro-Barquero S, Ruiz-León AM, Sierra-Pérez M, Estruch R, Casas R. Dietary strategies for metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive review. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2983.
Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet. 2014;383(9933):1999–2007.
Verheggen RJ, Maessen MF, Green DJ, Hermus AR, Hopman MT, Thijssen DH. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of exercise training versus hypocaloric diet: distinct effects on body weight and visceral adipose tissue. Obes Rev. 2016;17(8):664–90.
Desroches S, Lapointe A, Ratté S, Gravel K, Légaré F, Turcotte S. Interventions to enhance adherence to dietary advice for preventing and managing chronic diseases in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD008722.
Kumanyika SK, Bowen D, Rolls BJ, Van Horn L, Perri MG, Czajkowski SM, et al. Maintenance of dietary behavior change. Health Psychol. 2000;19(1, Suppl):42–56.
Evans EH, Sainsbury K, Kwasnicka D, Bolster A, Araujo-Soares V, Sniehotta FF. Support needs of patients with obesity in primary care: a practice-list survey. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):6.
Bellg AJ, Borrelli B, Resnick B, Hecht J, Minicucci DS, Ory M, et al. Enhancing treatment fidelity in health behavior change studies: best practices and recommendations from the NIH behavior change consortium. Health Psychol. 2004;23(5):443–51.
Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M, et al. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2008;337:a1655.
Fishbein M. An integrative model for behavioral prediction and its application to health promotion. In: DiClemente RC, Richard, editors. Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2009. p. 215–34.
Michie S, Abraham C, Whittington C, McAteer J, Gupta S. Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: a meta-regression. Health Psychol. 2009;28(6):690–701.
Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ. 2014;348:g1687.
Browne S, Minozzi S, Bellisario C, Sweeney MR, Susta D. Effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving dietary behaviours among people at higher risk of or with chronic non-communicable diseases: an overview of systematic reviews. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73(1):9–23.
Jeejeebhoy K, Dhaliwal R, Heyland DK, Leung R, Day AG, Brauer P, et al. Family physician-led, team-based, lifestyle intervention in patients with metabolic syndrome: results of a multicentre feasibility project. CMAJ Open. 2017;5(1):E229–e36.
Brauer P, Royall D, Li A, Rodrigues A, Green J, Macklin S, et al. Nutrient intake and dietary quality changes within a personalized lifestyle intervention program for metabolic syndrome in primary care. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019;44(12):1297–304.
Garriguet D. Diet quality in Canada. Health Rep. 2009;20(3):41–52.
Hutchison B. Reforming Canadian primary care – don’t stop half-way. Healthc Policy. 2013;9(1):12–25.
Klein D, Jeejeebhoy K, Tremblay A, Kallio M, Rheaume C, Humphries S, et al. The CHANGE program: exercise intervention in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(7):546–52.
Tremblay A, Bélanger MP, Dhaliwal R, Brauer P, Royall D, Mutch DM, et al. Impact of a multidisciplinary intervention on physical fitness, physical activity habits and the association between aerobic fitness and components of metabolic syndrome in adults diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Arch Public Health. 2020;78:22.
Klein J, Brauer P, Royall D, Israeloff-Smith M, Klein D, Tremblay A, et al. Patient experiences of a lifestyle program for metabolic syndrome offered in family medicine clinics: a mixed methods study. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):148.
Royall D, Brauer P, Bjorklund L, O’Young O, Tremblay A, Jeejeebhoy K, et al. Development of a Dietary Management Care Map for Metabolic Syndrome. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2014;75(3):132–9.
Lovestam E, Steiber A, Vivanti A, Bostrom AM, Devine A, Haughey O, et al. Use of the nutrition care process and nutrition care process terminology in an international cohort reported by an online survey tool. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019;119(2):225–41.
Lovestam E, Vivanti A, Steiber A, Bostrom AM, Devine A, Haughey O, et al. The international nutrition care process and terminology implementation survey: towards a global evaluation tool to assess individual practitioner implementation in multiple countries and languages. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019;119(2):242–60.
Swan WI, Pertel DG, Hotson B, Lloyd L, Orrevall Y, Trostler N, et al. Nutrition care process (NCP) update part 2: developing and using the NCP terminology to demonstrate efficacy of nutrition care and related outcomes. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019;119(5):840–55.
Snetselaar LG. Nutrition counseling skills for the nutrition care process: Jones and Bartlett Publishers Burlington; 2009.
Brauer P, Connor Gorber S, Shaw E, Singh H, Bell N, Shane AR, et al. Recommendations for prevention of weight gain and use of behavioural and pharmacologic interventions to manage overweight and obesity in adults in primary care. CMAJ. 2015;187(3):184–95.
Doucet E, Hall K, Miller A, Taylor VH, Ricupero M, Haines J, Brauer P, Gudzune KA, House JD, Dhaliwal R. Emerging insights in weight management and prevention: implications for practice and research. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2021;46(3):288–93.
Gardner CD, Trepanowski JF, Del Gobbo LC, Hauser ME, Rigdon J, Ioannidis JPA, et al. Effect of low-fat vs low-carbohydrate diet on 12-month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion: the DIETFITS randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2018;319(7):667–79.
Hall KD, Kahan S. Maintenance of lost weight and long-term Management of Obesity. Med Clin North Am. 2018;102(1):183–97.
Health Canada. Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide Ottawa: Health Canada; 2007 [Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canada-food-guides.html.
Mila-Villarroel R, Bach-Faig A, Puig J, Puchal A, Farran A, Serra-Majem L, et al. Comparison and evaluation of the reliability of indexes of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(12a):2338–45.
Brauer P, Royall D, Bjorklund L, O’Young O. Dietary Management of Metabolic Syndrome: resources for medical nutrition therapy by registered dietitians: dietitians of Canada, practice-based evidence in nutrition; 2016 [Available from: http://www.pennutrition.com access only by subscription. Free trials available. Click Sign Up on PEN login page.
Flodgren G, Gonçalves-Bradley DC, Summerbell CD. Interventions to change the behaviour of health professionals and the organisation of care to promote weight reduction in children and adults with overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;11(11):CD000984.
Mowatt G, Grimshaw JM, Davis DA, Mazmanian PE. Getting evidence into practice: the work of the Cochrane effective practice and organization of care group (EPOC). J Contin Educ Heal Prof. 2001;21(1):55–60.
Desroches S, Lapointe A, Deschenes SM, Bissonnette-Maheux V, Gravel K, Thirsk J, et al. Dietitians’ Perspectives on Interventions to Enhance Adherence to Dietary Advice for Chronic Diseases in Adults. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2015;76(3):103–8.
Hammond MI, Myers EF, Trostler N. Nutrition care process and model: an academic and practice odyssey. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014;114(12):1879–94.
Lacey K, Cross N. A problem-based nutrition care model that is diagnostic driven and allows for monitoring and managing outcomes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102(4):578–89.
Lacey K, Pritchett E. Nutrition care process and model: ADA adopts road map to quality care and outcomes management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103(8):1061–72.
Myers EF, Spence LA, Leslie B, Brauer PM, Spahn JM, Snetselaar L. Nutrition and telephone counseling: future implications for dietitians and teledietetics. Top Clin Nutr. 2010;25(2):88–108.
Michie S, Ashford S, Sniehotta FF, Dombrowski SU, Bishop A, French DP. A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: the CALO-RE taxonomy. Psychol Health. 2011;26(11):1479–98.
Michie S, Richardson M, Johnston M, Abraham C, Francis J, Hardeman W, et al. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann Behav Med. 2013;46(1):81–95.
Michie S, West R, Sheals K, Godinho CA. Evaluating the effectiveness of behavior change techniques in health-related behavior: a scoping review of methods used. Transl Behav Med. 2018;8(2):212–24.
Wood DA, Kotseva K, Connolly S, Jennings C, Mead A, Jones J, et al. Nurse-coordinated multidisciplinary, family-based cardiovascular disease prevention programme (EUROACTION) for patients with coronary heart disease and asymptomatic individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a paired, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9629):1999–2012.
Handley M, Macgregor K, Schillinger D, Sharifi C, Wong S, Bodenheimer T. Using action plans to help primary care patients adopt healthy behaviors: a descriptive study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006;19(3):224–31.
Assmann G, Schulte H, Seedorf U. Cardiovascular risk assessment in the metabolic syndrome: results from the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Int J Obes. 2005;2008(32 Suppl 2):S11–6.
Niagara Regional Dietitians-Heart Healthy Committee. Get Heart Smart: Niagara Regional Dietitians-Heart Healthy Committee , St. Catharines, Ontario Canada; 2010.
Celis-Morales C, Livingstone KM, Marsaux CF, Macready AL, Fallaize R, O’Donovan CB, et al. Effect of personalized nutrition on health-related behaviour change: evidence from the Food4Me European randomized controlled trial. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(2):578–88.
Peltner J, Thiele S. Association between the healthy eating Index-2010 and nutrient and energy densities of German households’ food purchases. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27:547–52.
Rodriguez-Cano A, Mier-Cabrera J, Balas-Nakash M, Muñoz-Manrique C, Legorreta-Legorreta J, Perichart-Perera O. Dietary changes associated with improvement of metabolic syndrome components in postmenopausal women receiving two different nutrition interventions. Menopause (New York, NY). 2015;22(7):758–64.
Brauer P, Royall D, Rodrigues A. Use of the healthy eating index in intervention studies for Cardiometabolic risk conditions: a systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(4):1317–31.
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The Nutrition Care Process & eNCPT: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; [Available from: https://www.ncpro.org/nutrition-care-process.
Mitchell LJ, Ball LE, Ross LJ, Barnes KA, Williams LT. Effectiveness of dietetic consultations in primary health care: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017;117(12):1941–62.
Kirkpatrick SI, Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, Wilson MM, et al. Applications of the healthy eating index for surveillance, epidemiology, and intervention research: considerations and caveats. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(9):1603–21.
Grider HS, Douglas SM, Raynor HA. The influence of mindful eating and/or intuitive eating approaches on dietary intake: a systematic review. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2021;121(4):709–27.e1.
Spring B, Champion KE, Acabchuk R, Hennessy EA. Self-regulatory behaviour change techniques in interventions to promote healthy eating, physical activity, or weight loss: a meta-review. Health Psychol Rev. 2021;15(4):508–39.
Bull ER, McCleary N, Li X, Dombrowski SU, Dusseldorp E, Johnston M. Interventions to promote healthy eating, physical activity and smoking in low-income groups: a systematic review with Meta-analysis of behavior change techniques and delivery/context. Int J Behav Med. 2018;25(6):605–16.
Dombrowski SU, Sniehotta FF, Avenell A, Johnston M, MacLennan G, Araújo-Soares V. Identifying active ingredients in complex behavioural interventions for obese adults with obesity-related co-morbidities or additional risk factors for co-morbidities: a systematic review. Health Psychol Rev. 2012;6(1):7–32.
Greaves CJ, Sheppard KE, Abraham C, Hardeman W, Roden M, Evans PH, et al. Systematic review of reviews of intervention components associated with increased effectiveness in dietary and physical activity interventions. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:119.
Samdal GB, Eide GE, Barth T, Williams G, Meland E. Effective behaviour change techniques for physical activity and healthy eating in overweight and obese adults; systematic review and meta-regression analyses. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):42.
Goodwin L, Ostuzzi G, Khan N, Hotopf MH, Moss-Morris R. Can we identify the active ingredients of behaviour change interventions for coronary heart disease patients? A systematic review and Meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153271.
Hollywood L, Surgenor D, Reicks M, McGowan L, Lavelle F, Spence M, Raats M, McCloat A, Mooney E, Caraher M, Dean M. Critical review of behaviour change techniques applied in intervention studies to improve cooking skills and food skills among adults. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58(17):2882–95.
McDermott MS, Oliver M, Iverson D, Sharma R. Effective techniques for changing physical activity and healthy eating intentions and behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Health Psychol. 2016;21(4):827–41.
Hartmann-Boyce J, Johns DJ, Jebb SA, Aveyard P. Effect of behavioural techniques and delivery mode on effectiveness of weight management: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Obes Rev. 2014;15(7):598–609.
Lara J, Evans EH, O’Brien N, Moynihan PJ, Meyer TD, Adamson AJ, et al. Association of behaviour change techniques with effectiveness of dietary interventions among adults of retirement age: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Med. 2014;12:177.
Moore SE, McMullan M, McEvoy CT, McKinley MC, Woodside JV. The effectiveness of peer-supported interventions for encouraging dietary behaviour change in adults: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(4):624–44.
Beck FE, Gillison FB, Koseva MD, Standage M, Brodrick JL, Graham C, et al. The systematic identification of content and delivery style of an exercise intervention. Psychol Health. 2016;31(5):605–21.
Alageel S, Gulliford MC, McDermott L, Wright AJ. Multiple health behaviour change interventions for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e015375.
Cradock KA, ÓLaighin G, Finucane FM, Gainforth HL, Quinlan LR, Ginis KA. Behaviour change techniques targeting both diet and physical activity in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):18.
Van Rhoon L, Byrne M, Morrissey E, Murphy J, McSharry J. A systematic review of the behaviour change techniques and digital features in technology-driven type 2 diabetes prevention interventions. Digit Health. 2020;6:2055207620914427.
MacPherson MM, Dineen TE, Cranston KD, Jung ME. Identifying behaviour change techniques and motivational interviewing techniques in small steps for big changes: a community-based program for adults at risk for type 2 diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2020;44(8):719–26.
Venditti EM, Wylie-Rosett J, Delahanty LM, Mele L, Hoskin MA, Edelstein SL. Short and long-term lifestyle coaching approaches used to address diverse participant barriers to weight loss and physical activity adherence. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11:16.
Hankonen N, Sutton S, Prevost AT, Simmons RK, Griffin SJ, Kinmonth AL, et al. Which behavior change techniques are associated with changes in physical activity, diet and body mass index in people with recently diagnosed diabetes? Ann Behav Med. 2015;49(1):7–17.
Slater JJ, Mudryj AN. Self-perceived eating habits and food skills of Canadians. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2016;48(7):486–95.e1.
Beck AK, Baker AL, Carter G, Wratten C, Bauer J, Wolfenden L, et al. Assessing adherence, competence and differentiation in a stepped-wedge randomised clinical trial of a complex behaviour change intervention. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2332.
Noble LM, Godfrey E, Al-Baba L, Baez G, Thorogood N, Nanchahal KJBO. Treatment fidelity in the Camden Weight Loss (CAMWEL) intervention assessed from recordings of advisor-participant consultations. BMC Obes. 2018;5(1):24.
Walton H, Spector A, Tombor I, Michie S. Measures of fidelity of delivery of, and engagement with, complex, face-to-face health behaviour change interventions: a systematic review of measure quality. Br J Health Psychol. 2017;22(4):872–903.
Walton H, Spector A, Williamson M, Tombor I, Michie S. Developing quality fidelity and engagement measures for complex health interventions. Br J Health Psychol. 2020;25(1):39–60.
Callegaro M, Murakami MH, Tepman Z, Henderson V. Yes–no answers versus check-all in self-administered modes: a systematic review and analyses. Int J Mark Res. 2015;57(2):203–24.
