Put up hoc evaluation exhibits TREMFYA responders reported clinically vital enhancements throughout measures of social and sexual operate and fatigue
Pooled evaluation of seven Section 2/3 research of TREMFYA in average to extreme plaque psoriasis exhibits a constant security profile and no new security indicators
SPRING HOUSE, Pa., March 25, 2022 /PRNewswire/ — The Janssen Pharmaceutical Firms of Johnson & Johnson at this time introduced its first-in-class interleukin (IL)-23 inhibitor TREMFYA® (guselkumab) offered a constant, excessive diploma of sturdy pores and skin clearance by means of 5 years in a majority of grownup sufferers throughout broad subpopulations with average to extreme plaque psoriasis (PsO) within the Section 3 VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2 medical trials.1 A separate publish hoc evaluation of the VOYAGE research confirmed TREMFYA offered excessive charges of efficacy and sturdiness by means of 5 years and related security outcomes amongst sufferers with and with out metabolic syndrome standing at baseline.2 These information are amongst 10 abstracts introduced on the 2022 American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) Annual Assembly happening March 25-29, 2022. TREMFYA is the primary selective IL-23 inhibitor remedy permitted within the U.S. to deal with each adults with average to extreme plaque PsO who’re candidates for systemic remedy or phototherapy, and adults with lively psoriatic arthritis (PsA).3
“The most recent analyses of VOYAGE 1 and a couple of complement the beforehand reported five-year information from the research,” stated Joseph Merola, M.D., M.M.Sc., Affiliate Professor, Harvard Medical Faculty, Brigham and Ladies’s Hospital.a “These further insights into the potential for TREMFYA to mitigate the various signs of psoriasis throughout broad populations are useful to physicians as we search long-term therapy options for the various signs our sufferers face with this illness.”
For an estimated 125 million folks worldwide, plaque PsO can current in various and debilitating manifestations, together with bodily and psychological signs.4,5 Plaque PsO may cause infected, scaly pores and skin plaques in addition to social misery and impairment.6 The analyses introduced on the 2022 AAD Annual Assembly additional assist the position of TREMFYA in bettering the signs of average to extreme plaque PsO and outcomes related to sufferers’ health-related high quality of life. These information present:
Sturdy Pores and skin Clearance in Broad Affected person Inhabitants
- A pooled evaluation of VOYAGE 1 and a couple of evaluated the efficacy of TREMFYA in 1829 sufferers throughout subgroups based mostly on illness severity and therapy historical past, together with an open-label extension interval from weeks 52-252. Throughout the subgroups evaluated, roughly 80 % of sufferers achieved and maintained pores and skin clearance as measured by an Investigator’s International Evaluation (IGA) Rating of 0/1b or a Psoriasis Space Severity Index (PASI) 90c response.1
- IGA 0/1 and PASI 90 responses had been evaluated throughout subgroups outlined by sufferers’ baseline PASI and IGA scores, physique floor space, and prior PsO therapies.
- Amongst TREMFYA-treated sufferers, IGA 0/1 or PASI 90 responses had been comparable throughout baseline illness severity traits, prior phototherapy, and prior non-biologic systemic remedy. This development was constant throughout subgroups, and the extent of efficacy was maintained at every timepoint evaluated.1
- In a separate publish hoc evaluation of VOYAGE 1 and a couple of information, TREMFYA demonstrated excessive ranges of pores and skin clearance, assessed by the achievement of PASI 90, IGA 0/1, and PASI 100 responses amongst sufferers with and with out metabolic syndrome (MetS).2,d
- Amongst TREMFYA-treated sufferers, 77.7 % of sufferers with MetS (n=256) and 83.4 % of sufferers with out MetS (n=1118) achieved PASI 90 at week 252.
- MetS is strongly related to plaque PsO and must be considered in therapy selections.2,7
- These ranges of clear or virtually clear pores and skin had been maintained over time from weeks 100-252 throughout each teams, in sufferers with or with out MetS.2
Reported Enhancements in Social and Sexual Perform and Fatigue
TREMFYA offered vital medical enhancements for sufferers throughout a number of measures of health-related high quality of life.
- Outcomes from VOYAGE 1 and a couple of present sufferers with average to extreme PsO receiving TREMFYA reported social relationship issue (SRD) and sexual issue (SD) measures improved as their pores and skin signs improved, based mostly on associated questions included within the Dermatology Life High quality Index Questionnaire and PASI scores.8
- At baseline, 35 and 31 % of sufferers reported SRD and SD, respectively. At week 16, sufferers receiving TREMFYA or adalimumab achieved higher enhancements in SRD and SD than these receiving placebo.8
- At week 24, the enhancements TREMFYA-treated sufferers skilled in SRD and SD had been maintained and higher than these for sufferers receiving adalimumab.8
- As well as, two new analyses present higher proportions of sufferers taking TREMFYA versus placebo achieved clinically significant enhancements in fatigue from baseline throughout each average to extreme plaque PsO (at week 16) within the VOYAGE research and lively PsA (at week 24) within the DISCOVER-1 and -2 research, as measured by the 36-Merchandise Brief-Kind Well being Survey (SF-36)d vitality scale.9,10 These outcomes are essential for sufferers in each illness areas, as folks with average to extreme plaque PsO and lively PsA typically expertise clinically essential fatigue, particularly in lively PsA.10
Demonstrated Security Profile
- Pooled analyses of seven Section 2/3 research assist the demonstrated security profile of TREMFYA for average to extreme plaque PsO sufferers handled for as much as 5 years (2891 sufferers/8662 affected person years).11 Charges of antagonistic occasions (AEs) of curiosity had been proven to be in step with or numerically decrease than these of the overall PsO populations within the Psoriasis Longitudinal Evaluation and Registry (PSOLAR) and Marketscan database.11
- Through the placebo-controlled interval, charges of AEs, critical AEs, infections, and critical infections had been related for placebo and TREMFYA.11
- By way of the end-of-reporting interval, these charges remained low for sufferers handled with TREMFYA, as did non-melanoma pores and skin most cancers (NMSC; 0.35 per 100 affected person years), malignancies apart from NMSC (0.43 per 100 affected person years), and main antagonistic cardiac occasions (0.33 per 100 affected person years).11
- Amongst TREMFYA-treated sufferers, there have been no reported circumstances of lively tuberculosis or opportunistic infections and no serum sickness-like/anaphylactic reactions associated to TREMFYA.11
- Within the VOYAGE 1 and a couple of research, the protection profile of TREMFYA was usually related in sufferers with and with out MetS at baseline by means of week 264.2
“Regardless of efficient medical therapies for the illness, folks residing with psoriasis can expertise challenges with fatigue, interpersonal relationships, and intimacy,” stated Lloyd S. Miller, M.D., Ph.D., Vice President, Immunodermatology Illness Space Chief, Janssen Analysis & Improvement, LLC.12,13 “The outcomes of those analyses are encouraging for these residing with psoriasis, displaying that the long-term enchancment of bodily signs of psoriasis may also be accompanied by enhancements to the psychological and social misery related to the illness.”
The most recent information are a part of Janssen’s complete medical growth program for TREMFYA, which incorporates the just lately initiated VISIBLE study, the primary large-scale potential medical examine devoted to Black, Hispanic, Asian, Indigenous and different folks of coloration residing with average to extreme plaque PsO.14-17 Janssen continues to be devoted to growing therapies that may assist sufferers’ unmet wants, together with additional analyses comparable to a current publication on TREMFYA in adults with lively PsA in RMD Open.18
Editor’s Word:
- Dr. Merola is a paid guide for Janssen. He has not been compensated for any media work
- The IGA Rating is a 5-point medical scale evaluating illness severity.19 IGA 0 and 1 are outlined as clear and virtually clear pores and skin, respectively.
- PASI 90 is outlined as not less than 90 % enchancment from baseline within the PASI rating. The PASI rating grades the quantity of floor space on every physique area that’s coated by PsO plaques and the severity of plaques for his or her redness, thickness, and scaliness.2
- MetS was outlined on this examine as ≥3 of the next: physique mass index >30 kg/m;2 triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL; HDL ldl cholesterol <40/<50 mg/dL (males/girls); blood stress ≥130/85 mmHg; and fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dL.2
- SF-36 is a set of quality-of-life measures used for affected person self-reporting. The SF-36 consists of one multi-item scale that assesses eight well being ideas: limitations in bodily actions due to well being issues; limitations in social actions due to bodily or emotional issues; limitations in regular position actions due to bodily well being issues; bodily ache; normal psychological well being (psychological misery and well-being); limitations in regular position actions due to emotional issues; vitality (power and fatigue); and normal well being perceptions.21
About VOYAGE 1 (NCT02207231)15
This Section 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo and lively comparator-controlled trial with 837 sufferers was designed to judge the efficacy and security of TREMFYA in contrast with placebo and adalimumab in adults with average to extreme plaque PsO. Sufferers had been randomized to obtain placebo at weeks 0, 4 and 12, adopted by crossover to TREMFYA at weeks 16 and 20 after which each eight weeks (q8w) dosing; TREMFYA 100 mg at weeks 0, 4 and 12, adopted by q8w dosing; or adalimumab 80 mg (n= 334) at week 0, adopted by 40 mg at week 1, then dosing each two weeks (q2w) by means of week 47, with crossover to TREMFYA q8w at week 52.
The co-primary endpoints of the examine had been the proportions of sufferers receiving TREMFYA versus sufferers receiving placebo reaching IGA 0/1 (clear/virtually clear pores and skin) and PASI 90 at week 16. Secondary endpoints had been assessed at weeks 16, 24, and 48, with security monitoring all through the examine. By way of week 48, non-responder imputation (NRI) guidelines had been used for lacking information (after the applying of therapy failure guidelines [TFR]).
Through the open-label extension interval, which began at week 52, all sufferers continued open-label therapy with TREMFYA by means of week 252. Efficacy assessments included proportions of sufferers reaching PASI 90, PASI 100, IGA 0/1, and IGA 0 (clear pores and skin). Efficacy was analyzed utilizing prespecified TFR for the first evaluation, whereas NRI and as noticed (OBS) methodology had been used for the secondary analyses.
About VOYAGE 2 (NCT02207244)22
This Section 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo and lively comparator-controlled trial was designed to judge the efficacy and security of TREMFYA in contrast with placebo and adalimumab in adults with average to extreme plaque PsO. Sufferers (N=992) had been randomized to obtain subcutaneous (SC) injections of TREMFYA 100 mg (n=496) at weeks 0, 4 and q8w thereafter; placebo (n=248) at weeks 0, 4, and 12 adopted by crossover to TREMFYA 100 mg at week 16; or adalimumab 80 mg (n=248) at week 0, 40 mg at week 1, then 40 mg q2w till week 23. Weeks 28-72 integrated a randomized withdrawal examine design. Through the open-label interval (weeks 76-252), all sufferers obtained TREMFYA 100 mg q8w. Doctor- and patient-reported outcomes had been assessed. Efficacy was analyzed utilizing pre-specified therapy failure guidelines (sufferers discontinuing because of lack of efficacy, worsening of PsO, or use of a prohibited therapy had been thought of non-responders). Knowledge had been mixed for sufferers randomized to TREMFYA and for these initially randomized to placebo who later crossed over to TREMFYA at week 16. Sufferers had been handled and adopted for as much as 264 weeks.
Co-primary endpoints of the examine had been proportions of sufferers receiving TREMFYA versus sufferers receiving placebo reaching IGA 0/1 (clear/virtually clear) [84 percent versus 9 percent, respectively; p<0.001 versus placebo] and PASI 90 [70 percent versus 2 percent, respectively; p<0.001 versus placebo] at week 16. Further efficacy assessments included proportions of sufferers reaching PASI 75, and PASI 100 responses, in addition to IGA scores of 0, a Dermatology Life High quality Index (DLQI) rating of 0/1, a Psoriasis Indicators and Signs Diary (PSSD) rating of 0, SF-36, the Hospital Nervousness and Despair Scale (HADs), and the Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ). Efficacy was analyzed utilizing pre-specified therapy failure guidelines, non-responder imputation, and as noticed methodology.
About Plaque Psoriasis (PsO)
Plaque PsO is an immune-mediated illness leading to an overproduction of pores and skin cells, which causes infected, scaly plaques which may be itchy or painful.4 It’s estimated that eight million Individuals and greater than 125 million folks worldwide reside with the illness.5 Almost one-quarter of all folks with plaque PsO have circumstances which might be thought of average to extreme.5 Residing with plaque PsO is usually a problem and impression life past an individual’s bodily well being, together with emotional well being, relationships, and dealing with the stressors of life.6
About Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)
PsA is a persistent, immune-mediated inflammatory illness characterised by peripheral joint irritation, enthesitis (ache the place the bone, tendon and ligament meet), dactylitis (extreme irritation of the fingers and toes), axial illness, and the pores and skin lesions related to plaque PsO.23-25 As well as, in sufferers with PsA, comorbidities, comparable to weight problems, cardiovascular ailments, anxiousness and melancholy are sometimes current.26 Research present as much as 30 % of individuals with plaque PsO additionally develop PsA.27 The illness causes ache, stiffness and swelling in and across the joints; it generally seems between the ages of 30 and 50, however can develop at any age.27 Almost half of sufferers with PsA expertise average fatigue and about 30 % endure from extreme fatigue as measured by the modified fatigue severity scale.28 Though the precise explanation for PsA is unknown, genes, the immune system and environmental components are all believed to play a job in illness onset.29
About TREMFYA® (guselkumab)3
Developed by Janssen, TREMFYA is the primary permitted absolutely human monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23 and inhibits its interplay with the IL-23 receptor. IL-23 is a vital driver of the pathogenesis of inflammatory ailments comparable to average to extreme plaque PsO and lively PsA. TREMFYA is permitted within the U.S., Canada, Japan, and quite a few different international locations worldwide for the therapy of adults with average to extreme plaque PsO who’re candidates for injections or drugs (systemic remedy) or phototherapy (therapy utilizing ultraviolet gentle), and for the therapy of grownup sufferers with lively PsA. Additionally it is permitted within the EU for the therapy of average to extreme plaque PsO in adults who’re candidates for systemic remedy and for the therapy of lively PsA in grownup sufferers who’ve had an insufficient response or who’ve been illiberal to a previous disease-modifying antirheumatic drug remedy.
The Janssen Pharmaceutical Firms of Johnson & Johnson keep unique worldwide advertising and marketing rights to TREMFYA®.
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION
What’s an important data I ought to find out about TREMFYA®?
TREMFYA® is a prescription medication that will trigger critical unwanted effects, together with:
- Severe Allergic Reactions. Cease utilizing TREMFYA® and get emergency medical assist instantly should you develop any of the next signs of a critical allergic response:
- fainting, dizziness, feeling lightheaded (low blood stress)
- swelling of your face, eyelids, lips, mouth, tongue or throat
- bother respiratory or throat tightness
- chest tightness
- pores and skin rash, hives
- itching
- Infections. TREMFYA® might decrease the flexibility of your immune system to battle infections and will enhance your danger of infections. Your healthcare supplier ought to examine you for infections and tuberculosis (TB) earlier than beginning therapy with TREMFYA® and will deal with you for TB earlier than you start therapy with TREMFYA® you probably have a historical past of TB or have lively TB. Your healthcare supplier ought to watch you carefully for indicators and signs of TB throughout and after therapy with TREMFYA®.
- Inform your healthcare supplier instantly you probably have an an infection or have signs of an an infection, together with:
- fever, sweats, or chills
- muscle aches
- weight reduction
- cough
- heat, purple, or painful pores and skin or sores in your physique completely different out of your psoriasis
- diarrhea or abdomen ache
- shortness of breath
- blood in your phlegm (mucus)
- burning while you urinate or urinating extra typically than regular
Don’t take TREMFYA® you probably have had a critical allergic response to guselkumab or any of the substances in TREMFYA®.
Earlier than utilizing TREMFYA®, inform your healthcare supplier about your whole medical situations, together with should you:
- have any of the situations or signs listed within the part “What’s an important data I ought to find out about TREMFYA®?”
- have an an infection that doesn’t go away or that retains coming again.
- have TB or have been in shut contact with somebody with TB.
- have just lately obtained or are scheduled to obtain an immunization (vaccine). It’s best to keep away from receiving reside vaccines throughout therapy with TREMFYA®.
- are pregnant or plan to turn out to be pregnant. It’s not recognized if TREMFYA® can hurt your unborn child.
- are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It’s not recognized if TREMFYA® passes into your breast milk.
Inform your healthcare supplier about all of the medicines you are taking, together with prescription and over-the-counter medicines, nutritional vitamins, and natural dietary supplements.
What are the doable unwanted effects of TREMFYA®?
TREMFYA® might trigger critical unwanted effects. See “What’s an important data I ought to find out about TREMFYA®?”
The commonest unwanted effects of TREMFYA® embrace: higher respiratory infections, headache, injection website reactions, joint ache (arthralgia), diarrhea, abdomen flu (gastroenteritis), fungal pores and skin infections, herpes simplex infections, and bronchitis.
These usually are not all of the doable unwanted effects of TREMFYA®. Name your physician for medical recommendation about unwanted effects.
Use TREMFYA® precisely as your healthcare supplier tells you to make use of it.
Please learn the total Prescribing Information, together with Medication Guide for TREMFYA®, and talk about any questions that you’ve got together with your physician.
You might be inspired to report unfavorable unwanted effects of pharmaceuticals to the FDA. Go to www.fda.gov/medwatch, or name 1-800-FDA-1088.
In regards to the Janssen Pharmaceutical Firms of Johnson & Johnson
At Janssen, we’re making a future the place illness is a factor of the previous. We are the Pharmaceutical Firms of Johnson & Johnson, working tirelessly to make that future a actuality for sufferers in every single place by combating illness with science, bettering entry with ingenuity, and therapeutic hopelessness with coronary heart. We deal with areas of medication the place we will make the largest distinction: Cardiovascular & Metabolism, Immunology, Infectious Illnesses & Vaccines, Neuroscience, Oncology, and Pulmonary Hypertension.
Be taught extra at www.janssen.com. Observe us at www.twitter.com/JanssenGlobal.
Janssen Analysis & Improvement, LLC is part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Firms of Johnson & Johnson.
Cautions Regarding Ahead-Wanting Statements
This press launch incorporates “forward-looking statements” as outlined within the Personal Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 concerning TREMFYA® (guselkumab) product growth. The reader is cautioned to not depend on these forward-looking statements. These statements are based mostly on present expectations of future occasions. If underlying assumptions show inaccurate or recognized or unknown dangers or uncertainties materialize, precise outcomes might range materially from the expectations and projections of Janssen Analysis & Improvement, LLC, any of the opposite Janssen Pharmaceutical Firms and/or Johnson & Johnson. Dangers and uncertainties embrace, however usually are not restricted to: challenges and uncertainties inherent in product analysis and growth, together with the uncertainty of medical success and of acquiring regulatory approvals; uncertainty of economic success; manufacturing difficulties and delays; competitors, together with technological advances, new merchandise and patents attained by rivals; challenges to patents; product efficacy or security issues leading to product remembers or regulatory motion; modifications in conduct and spending patterns of purchasers of well being care services; modifications to relevant legal guidelines and rules, together with world well being care reforms; and tendencies towards well being care value containment. An extra listing and descriptions of those dangers, uncertainties and different components could be present in Johnson & Johnson’s Annual Report on Kind 10-Ok for the fiscal 12 months ended January 2, 2022, together with within the sections captioned “Cautionary Word Relating to Ahead-Wanting Statements” and “Merchandise 1A. Threat Components,” and in Johnson & Johnson’s subsequent Quarterly Reviews on Kind 10-Q and different filings with the Securities and Change Fee. Copies of those filings can be found on-line at www.sec.gov, www.jnj.com or on request from Johnson & Johnson. Not one of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Firms nor Johnson & Johnson undertakes to replace any forward-looking assertion because of new data or future occasions or developments.
References
- Gordon, Ok.B. et al. Efficacy Responses Throughout Illness Severity and Therapy Historical past Subgroups of Sufferers With Average to Extreme Plaque Psoriasis Handled With Guselkumab: Pooled Outcomes From VOYAGE 1&2 By way of 5 Years. Introduced at 2022 AAD Annual Assembly, March 25-29.
- Merola, J.F. et al. Guselkumab Efficacy and Security By way of 5 Years Amongst Psoriasis Sufferers With and With out Metabolic Syndrome at Baseline: Outcomes From VOYAGE 1 and VOYAGE 2. Introduced at 2022 AAD Annual Assembly, March 25-29.
- Meals and Drug Administration. TREMFYA® Prescribing Info. Horsham, PA. 2017. Obtainable at: https://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/TREMFYA-pi.pdf. Accessed March 2022.
- Nationwide Psoriasis Basis. About Psoriasis. Obtainable at: https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis. Accessed March 2022.
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- Gisondi, P. et al. Psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. Clin Dermatol. 2018 Jan-Feb;36(1):21-28.
- Armstrong, A. et al. Social Relationships, Sexual Issue, and the Affect of Therapy With Guselkumab Versus Adalimumab in Males and Ladies With Psoriasis: Outcomes From VOYAGE 1 and a couple of. P33018. Introduced at 2022 AAD Annual Assembly, March 25-29.
- Strober, B. et al. Correlation of Fatigue Severity and Psoriasis Severity, and the Therapy Impact of Guselkumab: A Detailed Evaluation of SF-36 Vitality Scores From the VOYAGE 2 Research. Introduced at 2022 AAD Annual Assembly, March 25-29.
- Merola, J.F. et al. An Evaluation of Fatigue in Sufferers With Psoriatic Illness Using SF-36 Vitality Scores: Outcomes By way of Week 24 in Section 3 Trials of Guselkumab in Sufferers With Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. Introduced at 2022 AAD Annual Assembly, March 25-29.
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- Blauvelt, A. et al. Efficacy and security of guselkumab, an anti-interleukin-23 monoclonal antibody, in contrast with adalimumab for the continual therapy of sufferers with average to extreme psoriasis: Outcomes from the part III, double-blinded, placebo- and lively comparator-controlled VOYAGE 1 trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Mar;76(3):405-417.
- Langley, R.G. et al. Efficacy and security of guselkumab in sufferers with psoriasis who’ve an insufficient response to ustekinumab: outcomes of the randomized, double-blind, part III NAVIGATE trial. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Jan;178(1):114-123.
- Reich, Ok. et al. Guselkumab versus secukinumab for the therapy of moderate-to-severe psoriasis (ECLIPSE): outcomes from a part 3, randomised managed trial. Lancet. 2019 Sep 7;394(10201):831-839.
- Clinicaltrials.gov. A Section 3b, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Managed Trial of the Efficacy and Security of Guselkumab in Sufferers With Pores and skin of Coloration who Have Average-to-Extreme Plaque and/or Scalp Psoriasis (VISIBLE). NCT05272150. Obtainable at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05272150. Accessed March 2022.
- Ritchlin, C.T. et al. Sustained and improved guselkumab response in sufferers with lively psoriatic arthritis no matter baseline demographic and illness traits: pooled outcomes by means of week 52 of two part III, randomised, placebo-controlled research. RMD Open 2022;8:e002195.
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- Belasco, J. & Wei, N. Psoriatic Arthritis: What’s Occurring on the Joint? Rheumatology and Remedy, 2019: 6(3), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-019-0159-1
- Donvito T. CreakyJoints: What Is Enthesitis? The Painful Arthritis Symptom You Ought to Know About. Obtainable at: https://creakyjoints.org/symptoms/what-is-enthesitis/. Accessed October 2021.
- Donvito T. CreakyJoints: What Is Dactylitis? The ‘Sausage Finger’ Swelling You Ought to Know About. Obtainable at: https://creakyjoints.org/symptoms/what-is-dactylitis/. Accessed October 2021.
- Haddad A. & Zisman D. Comorbidities in Sufferers with Psoriatic Arthritis. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2017;8(1):e0004.
- Nationwide Psoriasis Basis. About Psoriatic Arthritis. Obtainable at: https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriatic-arthritis/ Accessed January 2022.
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- Cassell, S. & Kavanaugh, A. Psoriatic arthritis: Pathogenesis and novel immunomodulatory approaches to therapy. Journal of Immune Primarily based Therapies and Vaccines. 2005;3:6. https://jibtherapies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1476-8518-3-6
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